Introduction
Strato III often called "Philopator" ("the Father-loving") was an Indo-Greek king who ruled c. 25 BCE to 10 CE. He is only known through the joint coins with his father Strato II. He may have been supplanted, in conjonction with his father or later as an independent king, by the Indo-Scythian Northern Satraps, particularly Rajuvula and Bhadayasa, whose coins were often copied on those of the last Indo-Greek kings.
Coinage
Strato III may also have issued coins on his own, but these are rare and unconfirmed.
A few silver coins with a different portrait and the inscription Strato Soter Dikaios ("the just") may also belong to Strato III as sole ruler, or to a fourth king named Strato.
Just like the earlier king Strato I, Straton III is thought to belong to the dynasty of Menander I, who also used the epithet Soter and the symbol of standing Pallas Athena.
The chronology of the late Indo-Greek kingdom has been established by Bopearachchi and other scholars from numismatical evidence alone. The coins deteriorated continuously, the Strato coins being the most debased and crude in style, a striking contrast to earlier kings who struck some of the most beautiful coins of antiquity. The decay was due to the increasing pressure of the Indo-Scythian nomads on the remaining Greek pockets, as well as their long isolation from the rest of the Hellenistic world.
Strato II, Strato III and Strato Dikaios struck debased silver drachms, which as mentioned portray Pallas on the reverse. Strato II appears as an old man with a sunken jaw on some of his coins, which is not surprising given that his grandson was co-regent. Strato II also issued bronzes and even lead coins of the common type Apollo/tripod. On some of Strato II's silver drachms the letter sigma is written as C, a not uncommon trait on late Hellenistic coins in the east.
Imitations by Indo-Scythian rulers
Subsequent Indo-Scythian rulers, who replaced the Stratos in their territories, designed their coins in direct imitation of those of Strato II and Strato III. This is the case of the Northern Satraps, who ruled in the territories from Sagala in Eastern Punjab to Mathura, such as Rajuvula.
Just as the Yuezhi has copied the coins of the last Greco-Bactrian ruler Heliocles in Bactria, or the Indo-Scythians had copied the coins of the last western Indo-Greek ruler Hermaios in the area of Kabul, here again the Indo-Scythian Northern Satraps relied heavily on the numismatics of their predecessors.
| Greco-Bactrian and Indo-Greek kings, territories and chronology Based on Bopearachchi (1991) |
||||||||||||
| Greco-Bactrian kings | Indo-Greek kings | |||||||||||
| Territories/ dates |
West Bactria | East Bactria | Paropamisade |
Arachosia | Gandhara | Western Punjab | Eastern Punjab | Mathura | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 326-325 BCE | Campaigns of Alexander the Great in India | Nanda Empire | ||||||||||
| 312 BCE | Creation of the Seleucid Empire | Creation of the Maurya Empire | ||||||||||
| 305 BCE | Seleucid Empire after Mauryan war | Maurya Empire | ||||||||||
| 280 BCE | Foundation of Ai-Khanoum | |||||||||||
| 255–239 BCE | Independence of the Greco-Bactrian kingdom Diodotus I |
Emperor Ashoka (268-232) | ||||||||||
| 239–223 BCE | Diodotus II | |||||||||||
| 230–200 BCE | Euthydemus I | |||||||||||
| 200–190 BCE | Demetrius I | Sunga Empire | ||||||||||
| 190-185 BCE | Euthydemus II | |||||||||||
| 190–180 BCE | Agathocles | Pantaleon | ||||||||||
| 185–170 BCE | Antimachus I | |||||||||||
| 180–160 BCE | Apollodotus I | |||||||||||
| 175–170 BCE | Demetrius II | |||||||||||
| 160–155 BCE | Antimachus II | |||||||||||
| 170–145 BCE | Eucratides I | |||||||||||
| 155–130 BCE | Yuezhi occupation, loss of Ai-Khanoum |
Eucratides II Plato Heliocles I |
Menander I | |||||||||
| 130–120 BCE | Yuezhi occupation | Zoilos I | Agathokleia | Yavanarajya inscription |
||||||||
| 120–110 BCE | Lysias | Strato I | ||||||||||
| 110–100 BCE | Antialcidas | Heliokles II | ||||||||||
| 100 BCE | Polyxenos | Demetrius III | ||||||||||
| 100–95 BCE | Philoxenus | |||||||||||
| 95–90 BCE | Diomedes | Amyntas | Epander | |||||||||
| 90 BCE | Theophilos | Peukolaos | Thraso | |||||||||
| 90–85 BCE | Nicias | Menander II | Artemidoros | |||||||||
| 90–70 BCE | Hermaeus | Archebius | ||||||||||
| Yuezhi occupation | Maues (Indo-Scythian) | |||||||||||
| 75–70 BCE | Vonones | Telephos | Apollodotus II | |||||||||
| 65–55 BCE | Spalirises | Hippostratos | Dionysios | |||||||||
| 55–35 BCE | Azes I (Indo-Scythians) | Zoilos II | ||||||||||
| 55–35 BCE | Vijayamitra/ Azilises | Apollophanes | ||||||||||
| 25 BCE – 10 CE | Gondophares | Zeionises | Kharahostes | Strato II Strato III |
||||||||
| Gondophares (Indo-Parthian) | Rajuvula (Indo-Scythian) | |||||||||||
| Kujula Kadphises (Kushan Empire) | Bhadayasa (Indo-Scythian) |
Sodasa (Indo-Scythian) |
||||||||||
Notes and references
Notes
References