Ernst R. Rowohlt (23 June 1887 in Bremen – 1 December 1960 in Hamburg) was a German publisher who founded the Rowohlt publishing house in 1908 and headed it and its successors until his death.
In 1912 he married actress Emmy Reye, but it only lasted a short while. In 1921 he married Hilda Pangust and in 1957 he married Maria Pierenkämper. Rowohlt had two sons, who were both illegitimate: Heinrich Maria Ledig-Rowohlt (1908–1992), who succeeded him as head of the publishing house, and Harry Rowohlt (1945-2015), a writer. He also had one daughter.
As a publisher he specialized in works by American authors, publishing Ernest Hemingway, William Faulkner and others. With the rise of the Nazis he switched to safer non-fiction and travel works, and in 1937 joined the Nazi party. He insisted on keeping his Jewish staff and editors and remained publisher for officially disapproved writers such as Hans Fallada. In 1936 he allowed Jewish author Bruno Adler to publish a biography of Adalbert Stifter under a pseudonym. When discovered in 1938 the Nazi's banned Rowohlt from working as a publisher. Rowolt handed control of the firm to his son Heinrich Maria Ledig-Rowohlt and fled to Brazil, but he returned to Germany during the war.