Andrew Chatto

Andrew Chatto (11 November 1840 – 15 March 1913) was an English book publisher who was renowned for the cordial relations he maintained with his authors. His most notable achievement was the transformation of Hotten's publishing house, to the hugely successful Chatto & Windus, which became one of the leading London publishers of the end of the 19th century and the start of the 20th.

Chatto was born on 11 November 1840 at 55 Pratt Street, Camden Town London. His parents were the author William Andrew Chatto (1799 – 1864) and Margaret Roberts (c. 1804 – April 1852).

Chatto was 15 when he joined the book-selling business of John Camden Hotten (12 September 1832 – 14 June 1873). He was probably apprenticed to Hotten at his father's instigation. He began as a 'runner' at book auctions. Hotten had opened a small bookshop at London at 151b Piccadilly the year before Chatto joined the firm. as Hotten diversified into publishing and Chatto learned the trade as Hotten did.

Chatto claimed four of the children born to Catherine Radway as his. Catherine (Katharine) Wallace Heard (c. 1839 – 11 October 1905), the daughter of military tailor Frederick Augustus Heard (1809 – second quarter of 1883) and Amelia Hollis Emmett (1809 – ) who had married at St. Giles, Camberwell, London on 37 October 1829. Catherine married Joshua Carby Radway (c. 1836 – 27 December 1892) in the second quarter of 1858 in St. James's district in London. The census shows that Catherine had seven children, the first three of these while she was living with Joshua Radway, the next two while she was living in a house with both Radway and Chatto, and the last two after she and Radway had informally separated, but remained married to each other:

• Frederick Augustus Radway (3rd quarter of 1859 – 1st quarter of 1921)The 1881 census found him as a Booksellers Assistant, but by 1911 he was the Foreign Corresponding Clerk for a small arms factory in the West Midlands. He married Fanny Mary Oram (first quarter of 1873 – first quarter of 1943) and they had at least seven sons and two daughters.
• Michael John Radway (29 September 1860 – 27 February 1934), became a sailor and settled in Hawaii in 1888. He married Mary Kau Fredenberg (3 February 1864 – 21 August 1921) on 29 September in Hawaii. They had two children: John Andrew Radway (17 November 1890 – 5 January 1979) and Katharine Mary Radway (23 December 1892 – 27 June 1983)..
• Joshua Carby Radway (1867 – 11 March 1923) Who sometimes used the forename Charles. He became a sailor like his brother Michael, and like Michael, ended up in Hawaii. His life was dogged by ill-luck, however. He married Alexandra Simpson (Q4 1867 – January 1899) in Walsall in the fourth quarter of 1887. The family had two children in the UK, Joshua Carby Joseph (second quarter of 1895 – 11 April 1917) born in Wandsworth, and Percy Charles A. (first quarter of 1889 – February 1902) born in Aston, Warwickshire. The family emigrated to Australia, arriving in Perth, Australia on 22 March 1898. Alexandra had a third child in 1898, a girl, who did not live one day after being born in Perth. Alexandra died herself in hospital in Perth in January of 1899. Percy died in hospital in Perth in February 1902. The last surviving child, Joshua, was left in Australia by his father, and was informally adopted by Mrs. M. Ratice of Bowelling Pools, Collie, Western Australia. Joshua enlisted in the Australian Imperial Forceon 5 March 1915, served first in Gallipoli, and was killed in France on 11 April 1917. Joshua, the father, arrived in Hawaii in 1906, and settled down. He committed suicide on 11 March 1923, by shooting himself though the heart. He had been ill for some time was said to be depressed.
• Thomas Emmett Patrick Radway, later Thomas Chatto (c. 1865 – 17 September 1929)Worked with Chatto in Chatto & Windus as at least a nominal partner from 1893 onwards. His estate was valued at over £90,000, a very respectable sum at the time. He married Helen Frances Layborum (2 August 1869 – 13 August 1948) and the couple had two daughters. Chatto refers to Thomas as my dear son in his will.
• Andrew Chatto Radway, later Andrew Chatto (third quarter of 1871 – 23 December 1942} Worked for Chatto's antiquarian bookseller, Pickering and Chatto. Left an estate valued at just under £6,500, a somewhat modest amount compared with his brother Thomas. Married Elizabeth Boote (February 1878 – 23 March 1944) and they had one son. Chatto refers to Andrew as my dear son in his will.
• Isabel Chatto (1878 – 28 July 1952) On 8 September 1894, at age 17, she married Harold Brockersdale (11 October 1865 – ), a wholesale druggist, eleven years older than her. The couple had at least three daughters. Chatto was living with Isabel and her family in the 1911 census.
• Dorothea Chatto (2 February 1879 – 16 December 1954) She married Reginal Albert Skelton (3 April 1881 – 6 February 1966) a steel merchant, on 13 August 1904, in Elstree, Hertfordshire, England. The couple had at least two daughters and one son. The son was an RAF officer in the Second World War and was a steel merchant like his father.

Chatto identifies Thomas, Andrew, Isabel, and Dorothea as his four children in his will.

The 1871 census found Chatto living in the same house as Katharine, her husband, and her two youngest children: Joshua and Thomas. Thomas had been registered as Thomas Emmett Patrick Radway. When Andrew was born later in the year, he was registered as Andrew Chatto Radway. The 1881 census found Chatto living with Katharine as his wife, Thomas, the three children born to Katharine since the last census, her father, and a cousin at Dartmouth Park Hill Road, in the London Borough of Camden. Thomas had now taken Chatto's surname as had Andrew. Chatto always treated them as his sons and brought them into the business with him. Katharine's husband died on 27 December 1892, and she married Chatto in the first quarter of 1899 at Holborn in London.

When Hotten died suddenly in 1873, Chatto bought the firm from Hotten's widow for £25,000 with money from the Poet William Edward Windus (1828 – 1910) who became his partner in Chatto & Windus. While Windus provide the finance, he was not an active partner, living for some of the time on the Isle of Man. Windus probably knew Chatto from when Hotten had published his first volume of verse in 1871.

At the time, there were five ways in which books might be published: There were:

• Outright sale of copyright. The publisher took the whole risk, but could make large profits. Jane Austen for example sold the rights of Pride and Prejudice for £110 and saw the publisher make a profit of £450 on the first two editions alone. Sometimes the sale of copyright was limited to a number of copies or a number of years.
• Profit sharing. The publisher runs the risk, although sometimes the author is asked to contribute a fixed amount, and shared the profits with the author. This is subject to the risk that the publisher inflates the costs, to reduce the apparent profit.
• Royalties. The publisher takes the risk and agrees to pay royalties on every copy, on every copy over a certain number, on every copy after production costs are met (subject to the risk of inflated costs). Sometimes the royalties could increase after a particular number of copies.
• Publishing on commission. The author takes the risk, pays the costs of publishing, and the publisher takes a commission on each book sold (again subject to the risk of inflated costs). This is nowadays frowned upon as vanity publishing, but it was regarded as a legitimate form of publishing in the 19th century - this was the system that Jane Austen and many other authors of the time used.
• Publishing on subscription, used more in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, where a number of subscribers agree to buy a copy and the money is used to pay for publication. The publisher might be paid a commission on sales. This was the way in which the Record of the Ripon Millenary Festival was published in 1892.

Conflicts arose between publishers and authors because of:

• Disagreement over the value of the copyright, or the failure to publish. Jane Austen bought back the copyright for Susan after the publisher whom she had sold it to had not published it.
• The unwillingness of publishers to accept books on a royalty basis, and even if they did, disagreements on the rates of royalties.
• Disagreements on amounts of the publishers costs.
• Delays in payments to authors.

The poet John Campbell (1777-1844) is said, during the height of the Napoleonic Wars to have induced a group of authors to drink to the health of Napoleon on the basis that he had once shot a publisher. Mark Twain told the Authors' Club in London in 1899 that It is of service to an author to have a lawyer, there is something so disagreeable in having a personal contact with a publisher. It is better to have a lawyer – and lose your case Clearly relations between authors and their publishers were often fraught, and the risk of bad relations increased when publishers were less than honest in their dealings. Despite his speech, Chatto enjoyed very good relations with Mark Twain.

When Chatto took over from Hotten, there were a number of legacy problems, resulting in part from Hotten's somewhat shady business practices. In particular, Hotten had alienated the poet Algernon Charles Swinburne by paying him little if any of the profits from the publication of his Poems and Ballads which had sold well. Chatto mended fences by sending Swinburn a cheque for £50 and a formal request to publish his work. Chatto subsequently published Swinburn's Bothwell.

Peters contrasted Chatto who was not only an active and successful publisher, but an honest one, compared with Hotten, who was something of a rogue. Hotten had spent years in the United States and knew more about American literature than any other publisher in London. He made ruthless use of this knowledge to pirate works by American authors, as few had taken any steps to copyright their work in England.

One of the Hotten's victims was Mark Twain, but Chatto managed to establish good relations with him and they became good friends. Chatto worked his charm with other authors also, and Robert Louis Stevenson said: If you don't know that you have a good author, I know I have a good publisher. Your fair, open and handsome dealings are a good point in my life, and do more for my crazy health than has yet been done by any doctor.

In 1876 Chatto brought in Percy Spalding (third quarter of 1854 – 13 August 1930) to help him manage the firm. Spalding was much more of a financial manager than a literary man, so Chatto was left to decide editorial matters himself.

During the 1880s Chatto was determined to make Chatto & Windus the leading publisher of novels in London, and set out to dramatically increase their list. Chatto invested in expanding the list, buying the rights to the existing works of popular novelists such as Ouida, Wilkie Collins and others. He then reprinted them in cheap editions. He bought the remaining stock and copyrights of henry George Bohn's for £20,000. His strategy was to dramatically increase the firm's share of the novel market, and be the first choice for novelists. He certainly won the good will of writers. The purchase of Bohn's stock also expanded the range and type of books that he published.

Chatto saw periodicals as another possible outlet for the firm's authors (and for the intellectual property that the firm had bought.) He bought The Belgravia and its associated annual. He published The Idler from 1882 to 1911, and he also handled The Gentleman's Magazine.

Swinnerton, who worked at the firm, recalls Chatto as: a gentle elderly man with a rolling walk, genially sweet in manner to every member of his staff, and much loved.

The story of Rujub the Juggler illustrates two facets of Chatto's character, his support and encouragement for authors, the reason why Sutherland referred to the firm as the "hustlers" of the book trade. Chatto recognised and encouraged G. A. Henty's ability as a writer for adults.Chatto published four of Henty's eleven adult novels. Of these, Rujub, the Juggler was the biggest success, selling 11,000 copies, with most of these shortly after initial publication.Arnold said that the book had a period charm which he found surprising. and suggested that Henty's adult novels, which sold less than his juvenile titles, had been generally underrated.

Rujub was first published in book form as a three-decker, or three-volume novel, without illustrations on 23 February 1893. The initial print run was for 500 copies. Chatto recognised that juveniles were also reading the Henty novels, and he published a single volume edition with eight illustrations by Stanley L. Wood in time for the Christmas market in 1893. Chatto had tremendous belief in Henty, and he ordered a print run of 3,000 for the illustrated edition (he had already printed 500 of the three-volume edition, and 2,000 of a single volume unillustrated colonial edition.) Chatto's actions sailed close to the wind on two accounts:

• Chatto has agreed to the condition, set by the two largest circulating libraries, Smith's and Mudie, in their simultaneous circulars on 27 June 1894, that, among other things, publishers could not issue a cheaper edition in the UK within twelve months of its first acceptance by the libraries. The cheaper illustrated one-volume edition was published within nine months of the three-volume library edition.
• Henty was under an exclusive contract for juvenile fiction with Blackie and Son. While an unillustrated three-volume novel was unquestionably for the adult market, the same could not be said of an illustrated single volume. Henty was concerned, and grew even more so in 1899 when Chatto released the book as a presentation edition.

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Katharine died on 11 October 1905. The 1911 census found Chatto living with his daughter Isobel and her family in Larkrise, Aldenham Road, Radlett, Hertfordshire, England. Chatto retired from publishing in 1912. He died the following year, on 15 March 1913, at his daughters home. He was cremated at Golders Green on 18 March 1913. His estate was valued at just over £14,000, and probate was granted to his sons Thomas and Andrew.

His daughter Isobel retained possession of his papers and sold Chatto's papers, which included handwritten letters, manuscripts and a few book, at Sotheby's in 1916. In dying the year after he retired, Chatto was following the example of Windus, who retired from the firm in 1909 and died on 7 June of the following year (1910).